RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CATHETER-ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS: A HOSPITAL-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Dr. Swati Sahai, Dr. David Agatha

Abstract


Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) remain the most frequently encountered hospital-acquired infections. Their
occurrence is influenced by multiple clinical and demographic risk factors. This study aimed to explore the Objective: relationship between
symptomatic CAUTI and commonly reported high-risk variables. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out over a 12-month period,
enrolling 100 patients with indwelling urinary catheters. Symptomatic CAUTI was identified using established diagnostic criteria. Potential
contributing factors such as age, sex, duration of catheterization, diabetes, immunosuppressive therapy, and underlying medical conditions were
examined for association. Results: The incidence of CAUTI was calculated at 25.67 per 1,000 catheter days. The highest frequency was noted
among patients aged 71–80 years. Diabetes mellitus was strongly associated with infection, conferring nearly six-fold higher odds. Similarly,
neurological disorders (Odds Ratio 5.16) and respiratory diseases (Odds Ratio 6.44) were significant risk factors. Patients with pre-existing
urological or nephrological conditions demonstrated the greatest vulnerability, with an odds ratio of 13.27. Conclusion: Identifying individuals at
increased risk of CAUTI is essential for guiding preventive strategies. Limiting catheter duration, optimizing glycemic control, and ensuring
adherence to aseptic practices during insertion and maintenance are key measures. Incorporating a structured “catheter care bundle” may further
decrease infection rates.


Keywords


catheter-related infections, hospital associated infection, nosocomial infection, urinary tract infection, risk factors, CAUTI

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ananthanarayan R, Paniker CJ. Textbook of Microbiology. 9th ed. Hyderabad:

Universities Press; 2013. p. 644.

Elsayed EA, Fouad SA, Elany MG, Hashem HR. Diagnosis of healthcare-associated

infection in adult patients admitted in internal medicine hospital of Cairo University.

Med J Cairo Univ. 2012;80(1):41–5.

Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology. 13th ed.

St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2013. p. 919–30.

Saint S, Wiese J, Amory JK, Bernstein ML, Patel UD, Zemencuk JK, et al. Are

physicians aware of which of their patients have indwelling urinary catheters? Am J

Med. 2000;109(6):476–80.

Griffiths R, Fernandez R. Strategies for the removal of short-term indwelling urethral

catheters in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD004011. doi:10.1002/

CD004011.

Wazait HD, Patel HRH, Veer V, Kelsey M, van der Meulen JHP, Miller RA, et al.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: prevalence of uropathogens and pattern of

antimicrobial resistance in a UK hospital (1996–2001). BJU Int. 2003;91(9):806–9.

Anthony O, Oluwalana OT, Bolatito O, Olaniran O, Adesola O, Ot A. Urinary pathogens

and their antimicrobial susceptibility in patients with indwelling urinary catheter. Sierra

Leone J Biomed Res. 2010;2(1):47–53.

Dogru A, Sargin F, Celik M, Sagiroglu AE, Goksel MM, Sayhan H. The rate of deviceassociated

nosocomial infections in a medical surgical intensive care unit of a training

and research hospital in Turkey: one-year outcomes. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010;63(2):95–8.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Device-associated module: CAUTI.

Atlanta: CDC; 2014 [cited 2025 Aug 22]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/

nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/7psccauticurrent.pdf

Poudel CM, Baniya G, Pokhrel BM. Indwelling catheter-associated urinary tract

infection. J Inst Med. 2008 Dec;30(3):.

Sahai S, Vasanthi S, Agatha D. Bacteriological profile of catheter-associated urinary

tract infection in medical intensive care unit. Int J Sci Res. 2024 Sep;13(9):3–6.

Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijsr/3203274

Sahai S, Kumar A. Role of Candida in catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Int J

Curr Res Rev. 2018 Oct;10(20):5–19. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/

IJCRR.2018.10204

Jana A, Pal NK, Majumdar A, Mitra J, Jana A, Biswas S, et al. Device-associated

infection rates and median length of acquiring device-associated infection in an

intensive therapeutic unit of an Indian hospital. J Med Trop. 2015;17(2):97–102.

Garg N, Shukla I, Rizvi M, Ahmed SM, Khatoon A, Khan F. Microbiological profile and

antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates causing urinary tract infection in

intensive care unit patients in a tertiary care hospital in Aligarh region, India. Int J Curr

Microbiol App Sci. 2015;Special Issue 1:163–72.

Datta P, Rani H, Chauhan R, Gombar S, Chander J. Health-care-associated infections:

risk factors and epidemiology from an intensive care unit in northern India. Indian J

Anaesth. 2014;58(1):30–5.

Patel P, Garala RN. Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern

(antibiogram) of urinary tract infections in paediatric patients. J Res Med Dent Sci.

;2(1):.

Kamat US, Ferreira A, Amonkar D, Motghare DD, Kulkarni MS. Epidemiology of

hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in a medical college hospital in Goa. Indian J

Urol. 2009;25(1):76–80.

Al-Jebouri OAH. The relationship between urinary calculi types and urinary tract

infections among patients in Tikrit district [MSc thesis]. Tikrit: College of Medicine,

Tikrit University; 2006.

Habibi S, Wig N, Agarwal S, Sharma SK, Lodha R, Pandey RM, et al. Epidemiology of

nosocomial infections in medicine intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital in

northern India. Trop Doct. 2008;38(4):233–5.

Ramirez-Barba EJ, Rosenthal VD, Higuera F, Oropeza MS, Hernández HT, López MS,

et al. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units in four

Mexican public hospitals. Am J Infect Control. 2006 May;34(4):244–7.

Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Salomao R, Moreno CA, Mehta Y, Higuera F, et al. Deviceassociated

infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern

Med. 2006;145(8):582–91.

Agarwal R, Gupta D, Ray P, Aggarwal AN, Jindal SK. Epidemiology, risk factors and

outcome of nosocomial infections in a respiratory intensive care unit in North India. J

Infect. 2006;53(2):98–105.

Meric M, Willke A, Caglayan C, Toker K. Intensive care unit-acquired infections:

incidence, risk factors and associated mortality in a Turkish university hospital. Jpn J

Infect Dis. 2005;58(5):297–302.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.